Different Perspectives And The Key Debates Within...

This essay will aim to describe and evaluate the behaviourist approach while referring to other perspectives and the key debates within psychology. Behaviourism believes that human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, without the need to consider thoughts or feelings (Cardwell Flanagan, 2015). The Behaviourist approach has a number of assumptions such as it emphasises that psychology needs to be scientific, to do this you must only study observable and measurable behaviour while producing empirical data. This means that you can produce systematic and replicable results which would be reliable in their accuracy, so you are able to produce a credible conclusion to your theory (McLeod, 2016). This can be shown by research by Clark Hull (1943), in which he stated that we have two types of drives: primary, these are innate such as the drive for hunger and secondary which are conditioned such as the drive to earn money. Motivation (a response) is formed by the want to reduce these drives (a stimulus) as these cause discomfort and tension (Culatta, 2015). You will know if you have conditioned a drive to someone by (confusing) observing their behaviours associated with motivation and you can measure how many are displayed. And so, you can conclude whether drives can be conditione d or not. However, being scientific, on the whole, produces results with low ecological validity because to control variables, experimentation usually happens within a laboratory settingShow MoreRelatedSocial And Cultural Context Of Psychology818 Words   |  4 PagesKatja Gavrilina Define the term Psychology and discuss its history in light of social and cultural context, highlighting the significance of different perspectives in Psychology. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of mental processes and human behaviour. 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There are various approaches in modern psychology. A theoretical approach is a perspective which is someone’s view about human behaviour, there can be many different theories within an approach, however they all piece together the same assumptions. (McLeod, 2007). A theory is an attempt by theorists to try to explain behaviour. Theories are not facts but can be verified byRead MoreCore Assumptions1565 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are the core assumptions and key features of the biological and psychoanalytic perspectives in psychology? In what ways are they similar and how do they differ? When comparing the biological and psychoanalytic approach to psychology, you are able to see that they are different from one another. For example, the biological approach assumes that the mind and behaviour originate from the functioning of the body and that behaviour is driven by biological instincts. Whereas the psychoanalytic approachRead MoreCore Assumptions1555 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are the core assumptions and key features of the biological and psychoanalytic perspectives in psychology? In what ways are they similar and how do they differ? When comparing the biological and psychoanalytic approach to psychology, you are able to see that they are different from one another. For example, the biological approach assumes that the mind and behaviour originate from the functioning of the body and that behaviour is driven by biological instincts. Whereas the psychoanalytic approachRead MoreThe, Biological And Humanistic Approaches And Will Compare And Contrast Assumptions On Human Behavior1347 Words   |  6 PagesIn psychology there are many different approaches to understanding the complexity of human behaviour, all of which have different methods of testing what factors can influence behaviour, varying from scientific to pure assumption in an attempt to understand human behaviour. 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Analysis of two speeches Obama and Bono Free Essays

string(263) " These three people have all overcome difficult odds and are living proof of how the American dream is obtainable if only you are willing to work hard, set goals for yourself and not give up, â€Å"Jazmin, Andoni and Shantell aren’t any different from any of you\." I have chosen to look at two speeches, one given by Barack Obama and another given by Bono. Both are very important leaders with their own kind of political influence. By choosing these speeches with a serious content (education and the third world) and both addressing the same kind of audience (students), I will be able to give an useful comparison in terms of leadership and emotional intelligence. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of two speeches Obama and Bono or any similar topic only for you Order Now Barack Obama’s †Back to school† speech In his speech to the nation’s students (from kindergarten to 12th grade) President Barack Obama tries to stress the importance of getting an education and the responsibilities students have themselves. Addressing children ranging from 6 years to 18 years of age is a difficult task and Obama employs various strategies (both leadership and emotional) in order to get his message across to as many as possible. First of all, he talks directly to his listeners and makes sure they see him as a peer they can identify with and not only as the President of the United States, which exemplifies his social skills. Secondly, he uses an informal style, a simple language, many repetitions, plenty of diverse concrete examples they can relate to, and he speaks to their patriotic feelings and their sense of responsibility. Obama’s main challenge with his target group is their size and diversity, and he therefore has to employ several strategies in order to reach as many as possible. In order to quickly get his listeners’ attention, he starts out by speaking directly to them, â€Å"Hello everyone – how’s everybody doing today? † A key element in getting the message across is that he gets the students’ attention, and that he then holds on to it. One way of doing this is by addressing them at eye level. He gets them to identify with him, respect him and deem him credible and then shows them that he genuinely cares about their situation (empathy). Obama does this by beginning the speech with anecdotes from his own life. He tells them how he was raised by a single mother, who could not afford to send him to the same schools as the other children, and how she homeschooled him at 4. 30 in the morning. He also tells them how he got into trouble and did things that he is not proud of. By sharing these rather personal stories of struggle and adversity, Obama uses his emotional intelligence in order to gain credibility in their eyes. Listening to someone who you respect and who you believe is credible makes it a lot easier to accept the messages and values that they speak of. After having established contact with his listeners, Obama starts conveying his message and values to the students. Obama’s main message of the speech comes in two parts. Firstly, he says that getting an education is the student’s own responsibility. Parents, teachers and the government also have a responsibility (he takes on the responsibility as a leader of the nation), but at the end of the day, â€Å"none of it will matter unless all of you fulfill your responsibilities†. In this argument, Obama tries to speak to the students’ conscience and sense of responsibility. He shows them how so many people already have done so much for them, and that it is now their turn to do something; namely to take responsibility for their own education. Secondly, Obama talks about the responsibility towards the US. Not only do the students have a responsibility towards themselves, they also have a responsibility towards their country. Here the political aspect of the speech appears. The United States cannot function or compete in the future if there are no qualified people to fill the many functions a society has, such as nurses, doctors, senators etc., â€Å"What you’re learning in school today will determine whether we as a nation can meet our greatest challenges in the future. † This leadership argument speaks to the listeners’ patriotic feelings. Most Americans are raised to be patriotic, and this is something Obama takes advantage of on several occasions in his speech with great success. Every one of the students carry the responsibility towards their country, â€Å"We need every single one of you to develop your talents, skills and intellect †¦ If you don’t do that – if you quit on school – you’re not just quitting on yourself, you’re quitting on your country† (leadership). At the center of the speech is the idea that education is paramount to getting a successful life and that everybody has the opportunity to succeed. Obama stresses that, â€Å"[e]very single one of you has something you’re good at. Every single one of you has something to offer. † and with some hard work and dedication the sky is the limit according to Obama. It seems as if Obama is truly concerned about the students, but the politics are easy to spot. Obama needs strong students in order to successfully run the country. During this part of the speech Obama motivates and inspires his listeners by showing them some of the key values he believes in (motivation and self-awareness). Hard work and dedication is one value he stresses as most important. In this part he indirectly refers to the American dream that implies that if you work hard you can achieve anything. Here Obama uses the American cultural heritage of the American dream in his rhetoric, â€Å"Where you are right now doesn’t have to determine where you’ll end up. No one’s written your destiny for you. Here in America, you write your own destiny. You make your own future.† To further build on this motivational argument he offers several concrete examples of people who have had poor conditions, and who still have made it, through hard work and dedication. The examples are himself and his wife, Michelle Obama, who have both had difficult odds, but made it anyhow, and three cases he has found for the occasion, Jazmin Perez, Andoni Schultz and Shantell Steve. These three people have all overcome difficult odds and are living proof of how the American dream is obtainable if only you are willing to work hard, set goals for yourself and not give up, â€Å"Jazmin, Andoni and Shantell aren’t any different from any of you. You read "Analysis of two speeches Obama and Bono" in category "Papers" They faced challenges in their lives just like you do. But they refused to give up. They chose to take responsibility for their education and set goals for themselves. † Obama uses rhetoric in order to get his political message across. By using a simple language, addressing the students at eye level, employing leadership and emotional arguments and using several concrete examples (i. e. that he has weaknesses himself (self-evaluation)) he is able to reach a broad audience and show them what values he perceives to be the most important and by that inspire and motivate them. Bono’s commencement speech at Harvard University Paul David Hewson, mostly known as Bono from U2, has given his life to music, but also to charity. This is expressed in his very personal speech at Harvard University. Bono approaches the students at the commencement at Harvard University, and asks for their help to make America a great country and to help people in need. Bono begins his speech by introducing himself. He actually starts to criticize people like himself. Bono is talking about rock stars and singers, and says that singers contain a very big ego. This statement is a little paradoxical, because Bono is a singer and a rock star himself (self-awareness). Afterwards he is making clear that he is not just a singer, but also a father and a friend of dogs. The problem or conflict Bono is bringing up through his speech is mostly about Africa and the poor (the third world). He mentions the conflict, which has taken place in connection with sending money to some of the poorest countries of the world. When money is send to a third world country, it is not necessarily the poorest and the sickest people who get the money, because of the countries’ great debts. Bono finds this extreme problematic, and is therefore asking the students for their help. He thinks that the smart people at Harvard are needed to work this problem out. His argumentation for the importance of this cause is its influence on world history. He appeals to them and tries to motivate them by telling the sad story of the third world (motivation). Many people in third world countries dies e. g. of AIDS and HIV, because they do not get the money there is sent as help. He is mentioning that this holocaust, as he says, in Africa will be remembered forever, along with the internet. This argumentation is the climax of the speech. He brings up subjects who are very frail, and this is the point during speech, in which the listeners are paying most attention. During the speech at Harvard University Bono is appealing to the listeners feelings. In that way he uses emotional intelligence a lot. Already from the beginning he is trying make like a personal bond between him and the audience. He is talking about is personal life, which makes the speech a little informal and tries to make the audience forget the pedestal that most of them have put him on. This makes the listeners feel comfortable in his presence, and let them met him at eye level (social skills). The subject he brings up is mostly including death and diseases. The third world conditions are in advance much discussed, and the discussions are typically very emotional. Bono is mentioning the conditions as an â€Å"African holocaust†. Even the word â€Å"holocaust† is enough to bring up bad memories and associations about World War II. To speak of the African problems by using a word like holocaust, both attracts people’s attention but also fills them with horror – again he is appealing to the emotions of his listeners. People are maybe finding the death in Africa hard to relate to. But when Bono is talking about holocaust every man and woman knows the grade of seriousness and importance of the cause. The message of his speech is about brotherly love, charity and helping people in need. Bono is saying himself that he wants to ask the people at Harvard University for help. Help to make life better for people in the third world. By this he as a leader encourage them to take responsibility. He tries to guide them in the direction he thinks they should be guided (leadership). Comparison of the two speeches Both speeches start of by trying to meet the audience at eye level in order to inspire and motivate the audience. Both Obama and Bono succeed in doing this by making a rather humoristic intro before turning to the reel content of the political messages in the speeches. If this connection was not established, the political message would never get across to the rather difficult audience. The ability to establish this connection with an audience, an employee or a client is a sign of both good leadership skills and good emotional intelligence. Both Obama and Bono are very assertive in their speeches, but in very different ways. It is obvious that Bono is a rock star (who by nature exudes assertiveness) and not a politician like Obama. The Bono speech is written without a lot of foreign and long words, the language is very common, he uses little rhetoric, when getting his political messages across, which is all in oppose to the Obama speech. Obama uses long and intellectual words to promote his trustworthiness. Bono also uses a kind of slang when he says: â€Å"I’ve seen great minds and prolific imaginations disappear up their own ass (†¦)†. No one, especially not the President of The United states of America, besides a famous rock star, would be expressing themselves like that. Bono attracts the listeners’ attention by doing this, and he gets away with it, because of the entertainer and person he is. But it is definitely not something that a reel company leader would do in order to get his employees to follow him and his ideas. Obama shows a great deal of his emotional skills by letting in on his own weaknesses. Obama is the situational leader who guides his audience on what they must do and how they should do it, which you need to be, when you are the President of the United States of America. Bono I would characterize as a transformational leader (charismatic and inspirational). How to cite Analysis of two speeches Obama and Bono, Papers

Business Statistics BayCoast Real Estate Agents

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Statisticsfor BayCoast Real Estate Agents. Answer: Case Study Agents (BCREA ) business has grown. However, the principals are aware that various factors affect the selling prices of houses within the city of Melbourne. They are therefore faced with the challenge of applying modern techniques of estimating the selling price of houses. Among the factors that affect the selling price of houses within the city are bay views, size of the house, and size of the block and design of fittings in the property. In particular, BCREA would like to determine whether street scape appeal has any significant relationship with the price of the house because it is considered that a street that is more attractive is preferred by potential buyers. The hypothesis therefore, to be tested would be; H0 :There is a significant relationship between the streetscape appeal and the selling price of a house HA : There is no significant relationship between the streetscape appeal and the selling price of a house The requirement is to find out whether there is any significant association between streetwise appeal (x) and the selling price of houses (y). The degree of variability between streetwise appeal and selling price is also important to determine the percentage of association between the two variables. That is, how much change in selling price of a house can be accounted for by a change in streetwise appeal? a) Lucey (1996) notes that finding the line of best fit mathematically, it is prudent to calculate a line that reduces the total of the squared deviations of the actual observations from the calculated line.This is the least squares method of linear regression. The least squares method of linear regression can be extended to equations with multiple independent variables as; The line of best fit is the multiple regression line Lucey (1996) contends that in situations whereby the value of r2 in a simple linear regression is not enough indicates this equation will be inadequate to predict the value of y. The simple linear equation is expressed as; y = a + bx Where y = the dependent variable or predictor a = the constant or intercept b = the slope or gradient of the regression line equivalent to the variable element x = the independent variable In the question, involves two variables, that is the dependent (the selling price of houses in the city of Baycoast) and one independent variable (the streetwise appeal measured by a scale of o to 10 from lowest appeal to highest appeal). Therefore, we use the equation of the form, y = a + bx. The equation of least squares regression line is derived from cell B19 that represents (a) the intercept and B20 that represents (b) the slope of the independent variable streetwise appeal. Therefore, to substitute the equation, the regression equation will be; y = 183.26 + 122.32(x) Kingoriah (2004) notes that once the regression equation is computed the expectation is that the equation will be used to predict values of x and y. Another assumption is that the relationship between the two variables is within the realm of the model The standard error of estimate is used to create a confidence interval along the regression line instead of one point estimate such as the population or sample mean. It involves estimating the true standard deviation. Whereas the term standard deviation is used for a population, the standard error is used for a sample. In essence, therefore standard deviation and standard error is the same thing. The regression model shows a standard error of the estimate associated with the beta coefficient (b) or street (cell B20) as 10.77 contained in cell C20. Since the coefficient is large compared to its standard error of the estimate suggests is different from zero. This test is meant to determine whether there is a significant linear relationship between the independent variable x (streetwise appeal) and the dependent variable y (selling price of houses). In this case the hypotheses can be stated as follows; H0 : : There is no significant linear relationship between the independent variable x and the dependent variable y HA : : There is a significant linear relationship between the independent variable x and the dependent variable y H0 : = 0 HA : 0 Where there is a significant linear relationship between the independent variable x and the dependent variable y, then 0 The significance level is 5% (0.05) since the confidence level used is 95% (0.95) that is, 1 0.95 = 0.05. According to the regression results, at one degree of freedom (df) cell B13, the independent variable x has a test statistic t stat (cell C13) that is associated with a p-value of less than zero (cell F20). Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis. We conclude that there is sufficient evidence to suggest that there is a significant linear relationship between the independent variable x and the dependent variable y (tstat= 11.35, p 0) The coefficient of determination denoted by r2 is used to determine how the change in one variable can be associated or explained with difference of another variable and it is normally between zero and one.. That is, to identify the intensity or degree of the linear relationship between the variables. In this case, the coefficient of determination is 0.52 contained in cell B5 in the diagram. This essentially means that 52% of the data points should be within the regression line or put another way 52% of the variability in selling price of the houses can be explained by streetwise appeal. As such street rating appears not to be a very good predictor. Regression analysis was used to develop a model for predicting selling price of houses in Baycourt area using the streetscape appeal ranging from zero ( lowest appeal ) to ten (the highest appeal). The basic descriptive statistics and regression coefficient are shown in the figure above. The predictor variable had a significant (p 0.05) correlation with selling price effect in the model. The predictor variable was able to account for 52% of the variance in the selling price of houses (f 128.9, r2 = 0.52, 95% CI [ 100.98, 143.65] ). In this situation, we are 95% confident that the true increase in selling price of houses for an increase in streetscape appeal is between 100.98 and 143.64 for a sample of 120 houses. Whereas zero is not inclusive in the interval, there is reason to believe that there is a linear relationship between streetscape appeal and selling price of houses at significance level of .05. Based on the analysis, it is recommended that the management consider using other factors they are aware affect the price of a house. This is because, although streetscape appeal has a linear relationship with the selling price, the degree of relationship is not as strong (at 52%) that is, it is just above average. This essentially means that the other 48% of the residents may not necessarily be influenced by the location in order to purchase a house. The management therefore, should consider using the other factors in conjunction with streetscape appeal to predict the selling price of the houses. References Kingoriah, GK. 2004,Fundamentals of applied statistics. Nairobi, Kenya: The Jomo Kenyatta Foundation. Lucey, T. 1996,Quantitative techniques. United Kingdom: Cengage Learning EMEA.