Women in Fiction an Example by

Women in Fiction Author Katherine Mansfield was born in New Zealand in 1888. Living only a brief thirty-four years, Mansfield died in France in 1923. During her short career, Mansfield wrote stories that reflected the behaviors and psychological effects of the Victorian era on such topics as women and class. Need essay sample on "Women in Fiction" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed It is Mansfield's ability to look tap into the underlying feelings and thoughts of her characters that attracted me to her writing. In her stories, there is a simple realism that shines through in the imperfections of the individual characters. The stories don't always end happily but they end the only way they can, given the situation and, more importantly, the people that are involved. I especially like her ability to focus the reader's attention on the character's awareness of the situation and not to draw outside conclusions. Instead, the character's actions (or inaction) speaks for itself. The her essay on Mansfield's short story The Daughters of the Late Colonel, Rosemary Canfield Reisman the theme of captivity and the various uses of imagery to illustrate the Pinner sisters awareness and fear of their newly found freedom. As Reisman notes, the world in which Josephine and Constantia have been prisoners had two objectives; to avoid displeasing a testy old father and to stay out of his way. Having lived their entire lives under the strong hand of their father, his death leaves the two spinster sisters adrift in the world, directed toward negatives rather than toward positives (Reisman). Now that their father is dead, they are no longer anchored into place by his needs and expectations but still live with the ingrained fear and obedience, which make decisions impossible for them (Reisman). Reisman points out though, that despite the deeply imbedded feelings of submissiveness, Mansfield shows that despite the years of psychological imprisonment Josephine and Constantia still have impulses toward freedom (Reisman). This shows itself in their ability to use their imaginations as in the case of thinking of the runner taking the watch to Benny. It's also shown in their awareness of the little beauties in life, like hearing and feeling connected to the organ's song. Despite this though, Reisman explains that the imagery of the final scene shows the restraints still keeping the sisters in place, The sisters cannot even confess their impulses to each other. When they repress their impulses to speak of the future, the sun is symbolically covered by a cloud, and it is clear that captivity has conquered (Reisman). These symbols, such as the clouds covering the sun or the flapping tassel of the blind (Reisman) are important in Mansfield's overall style of illustrating the tone of the story and the relationships between the characters. Perhaps the most poignant scene of the story is heavy in this type of symbolism and illustrates best the limitations of Josephine and Constantia. Reisman states the the locking of their father's wardrobe seems like a triumph, a real defiance of the tyrannical old man' actually, it is an admission that they cannot lock out his memory by dealing with it. In the end, the two women realize they are not free but do not have the ability to cope with realizing true freedom. Jay Paul's look at the story The Garden Party did not provide the same depth of interpretation as Reisman, but his essay was still interesting in viewing the notions of class division in the story. Laura Sheridan's inconsistent conscience, easily distracted by pretty things, puts the story directly into her upper-class perspective. Her early encounter with the tall workman, lets her feel a certain comraderie with the working class. However, with the bustle of the party preparations going on around her, she savors all she sees and hears (Paul). She's essentially been caught back up in her own life. Even the death of the neighbor only temporarily dampens her spirits momentarily. Instead it's actually the physical movement from the comfort of her home to the grieving widow's, bearing sandwiches, that opens her up to be more fully conscious of the consequences of her social position [] her party dress marks her as an outsider in the working-class neighborhood, and her discomfort in the c ompany of the widow and her sister is extreme (Paul). She feels guilty because of her her own fortune but only when she is faced with the want of someone else. Paul attributes Laura's artistic personality as part of the reason for her sympathy for the working class but doesn't really go into any details. It appears more that Laura is subtly seeking to rebel against her upbringing but isn't prepared to abandon it entirely. Paul makes note of the hat Laura's mother gives her to distract her from the tragedy of the man's death and how it is a way for Mrs. Sheridan to teach her daughter without words that one's appearance should take precedence (Paul). Mrs. Sheridan is trying to condition her daughter for the upper class life she will lead. By the end of the story, led crying from the Scott's home, Laura seems to be in a state of complete indecision. Mansfield's use of the stream of consciousness technique helps to create this realistic open-endedness that adds to the power of the story. As Paul explains that Mansfield's use of this technique allowed her to make words shows the workings of the mind, rather than merely summarizing a character's thoughts (Paul). Both essays were useful in viewing the various techniques used by Mansfield to create her short, yet complex stories. Reisman in particular was helpful in pointing out the various uses of symbolism Mansfield employed throughout The Daughter's of the Late Colonel. While Paul's points were quite as well-developed as Reisman, his essay showed how Mansfield used the behavior and thoughts of the character of Laura in The Garden Party to show the effects of class. Reisman and Paul's essays have made me take a second look at Mansfield's stories, looking beyond the general plot to the smaller symbols and images that the author used to give her stories an added depth. My views of Mansfield have changed only in that the essays, particularly Reisman's, have made me more aware of how even the smallest detail in short stories can't be overlooked. Something as small as a tassel or a new hat carry the whole meaning of a story. Works Cited Paul, Jay. The Garden Party. Masterplots II: Short Story Series. Salem Press, 2004. Literary Reference Center. Reisman, Rosemary M. Canfield. The Daughters of the Late Colonel. Masterplots II: Short Story Series. Salem Press, 2004. Literary Reference Center.

Critique of Les Miserables essays

Critique of Les Miserables essays The story begins with a convict named Jean Valjean searching for food and shelter after working in a prison camp. No one would let them into their house because he was a convict. I felt bad for him through this because people judged him right away and he didnt seem like such a bad person. He finally found shelter in Bishops house, but through the night he left and stole all of their silverware. He escapes, but is caught by some police. He explained to them that he was given all of this by the Bishop. Naturally they didnt believe him, so they brought him back to the Bishops house. Once they got there the Bishop backed up what he said and told the police to let him go. So Valjean is free to go. You get the feeling from this that he is going to be a totally different person. To hide away from his past convict life, he created a new identity and was a wealthy mayor in a small town. He hid out there for a longtime. Then he met a prostitute named Fantine who he started to fall i n love with. She got very sick and was trying to support her young daughter so he helped her out. During this time an officer, named Javert, who knew Valjean when he was in the camp recognized him. Then he was brought in the clear when another man was brought in. Everyone thought that was Valjean. Around this time Fantine dies and Valjean promises to go get her daughter and take care of her. This part was really sad knowing how hard she worked to support her daughter. Valjean heard about this innocent guy being put into jail and decided to go tell the court the truth. He went and told everyone that he was in fact Valjean. I found this part to be very noble, but somewhat unbelievable. He threw his whole new life away after working so hard to bury his past. After he told the court he ran for his life and while fleeing he picked up Fantines daughter, Cosette. In the musical version of this movie Coset ...

APA Style Term Paper

APA Style Term Paper APA Style Term Paper APA Style Term Paper APA style term paper is one of the widely used format for term paper writing. Before writing term paper, you are welcome to examine the following term paper writing tips: One of the main term paper requirements is that the term paper should be typed. While typing your academic term paper in Microsoft Word, use a default setting of the computer. If you don't know the length of your academic term paper you should ask your tutor about this.   The title of the English term paper should be centered but not underline. Use 12 point Times New Roman or Arial font. In the bottom corner of the term paper write personal data (your name, course, date, etc.) The layout should be general. Do not include too many quotations; it certainly will not improve your academic term paper. Every page should have centered title at the top of the term paper. Use double spacing format. Using in-text citation requires a reference page at the end of the term paper. In-text citations may be both direct quotations and paraphrases. Both must be cited on the reference page, otherwise, you will be accused in plagiarism. Quotations may be short as well as long. Quotation should be less than 40 words. The direct quotation should be enclosed in brackets ( ) and reference information should be placed close to it, for example (Andrew, 1999). Keep in mind that different methods of citation make your work more interesting to read. Paraphrases usually go at the end of the line of your work. APA does not require page numbers, but your tutor probably does. Author/Year of work is the general format, if author is not known than following this format Title/Year of work. If you do not know the date of publication, you use (n.d. - no date. You should note down references as you conduct your research. Remember, references should be double spaced. The reference page should be alphabetized by author's name and the title of the work. Don't write 'The' when compiling a reference list. If you used Internet sources while writing term paper, give a complete URL address and the date of access. While writing term paper, avoid repetition of the words. The academic term paper will look thoughtless with the same words within several sentences. You should also avoid repetition of the ideas. If this was noticed the tutor would conclude that you have a lack of clarity of thought. Avoid these mistakes.   Custom Written Term Paper Not all students have time and skills to write a great term paper.   We are here to help these students with term paper writing.   We offer only custom service - it means that your term paper is not copy/pasted from internet, it is written in accordance to your instructions.   No late deliveries at .com!   No plagiarism!

IT Manager Perspective Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT Manager Perspective - Research Paper Example (b). The organizations is an early adopter of HIT because from the very beginning, it had been working on clinical computing. Further, major IT roll-outs took place between 1995-2007 and almost all IT developments like EMR, CPOE and others had been implemented by 2007. This supports its early adoption of HIT (Bohmer et al. 2007). Ans. 2. BIDMC relies heavily on custom-developed application because it feels there are certain shortcomings with vendor developed packages. Such shortcomings arise from trust factor, incompatibility issue with home application and vendor software and most importantly, availability of vendor to anytime upgrade or provide support to the system. Amidst such challenges, BIDMC considers it better to develop in-house capabilities than depending upon an outside vendor. Seeing the level of expertise and confidence of users in custom-developed applications in-house, this emphasis is not going to diminish or change. In fact, synchronization problems with the vendor a nd inability to manage the workflows with vendor managed software encourage the use of custom-developed clinical systems at BIDMC. Ans. 3 (a). The OMR constituted separate views for clinicians and patients for security and privacy purposes. Clinicians could track any information of patients, ranging from visits, test reports, alerts, lab results, follow ups or referring to any other physician.

Law and economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law and economics - Essay Example More over, Black and Decker in their argument demonstrated that Byrne fully participated in the prosecution, comprising the addition that limitation into the claim and as such his claim was deemed to fail. While responding to this motion, Byrne filed an affidavit discussing the scope of the quoted previous art and hence the argument that for patentability limitation is necessary is not valid. Holding that Mr. Byrne was not qualified to provide expert testimony as one of the ordinary skill in the art, the court cleared Black and Decker of any malpractice. By denying Mr. Byrne the chance to proof his possession of ordinary skill in the art, it is inappropriate, and the court abused its discretion by denying the inventor to testify and proof the relation of the scope and content to the invention. Most intellectuals argue that in the absence of property rights over the knowledge embodied in an innovation would spur imitation and competition, thereby minimizing the innovators’ profit. As a result, legal rules have been enacted to address the intellectual property disputes. It is the amalgamation of an increasing pool of patents that should have never been approved, in the first place, with the growth of the patent lawsuit industry that is building up enormous costs for technology corporations of all dimensions and the economy at large. All of those billions of dollars spent in protecting dubious patent lawsuits, and buying up patents that will never be used to produce anything fresh is an appalling waste of money. The patent scheme has been wrecked for a long time, and failure to fix it soon will slow down one of the small number of engines of the economy still purring. Patents, which were initially perceived to protect innovators, are increasingly becoming nothing more than economic and legal weapons, to be cumulated in ranges by non-practicing bodies and used

Failure Analysis Strategy Change Essay Example for Free

Failure Analysis Strategy Change Essay Movies have always been a past time enjoyed by many. As the technology continues to grow, many video stores are going out of business and digital or online movies are rising in popularity. Blockbuster Video and Netflix are businesses that have been affected by these changes. Blockbuster opened in 1985 with the mission statement of â€Å"Our corporate mission is to provide our customers with the most convenient access to media entertainment, including movie and game entertainment delivered through multiple distribution channels such as our stores, by mail, vending and kiosks, online and at home. We believe Blockbuster offers customers a value-prices entertainment experience, combining the broad product depth of a specialty retailer with local neighborhood convenience† (Farfan, 2010). Blockbuster continued with the vision statement of â€Å"At Blockbuster, diversity means valuing differences. It’s corporate value that must be continually developed, embraced, and incorporated into the way we do business† (Farfan, 2010). Blockbuster operated with more than 7,400 stores worldwide and also operated through 1,600 franchise stores. As technology started to change, customers began streaming movies from the Internet as well as using kiosks, such as Redbox, for movie rentals. Competition became a large factor in Blockbuster and the failing of the company, but a large part of the failure was due to manage changes and misunderstanding of the business as a whole (Dunston, 2014). Blockbuster Failure In 2006 and 2007, Blockbuster was approached by the CEO of Netflix, Reed Hastings, asking them to acquire Netflix. Hastings knew that Netflix had not formulated a plan to stop Blockbuster from stealing their customers, at the rate of a million per year. Blockbuster decided that the company did not  need Netflix because Blockbuster had a stronger and larger growth, but then a change that was never expected happened. A new CEO was named for Blockbuster after a boardroom dispute. The man appointed CEO didn’t fully understand the business and what Blockbuster needed in order to remain above the competition, especially Netflix. The CEO started changing plans for the company and even pulled out the Internet efforts that had been in place for Blockbuster. Within 18 months, 85% of the capital value of the company had been lost; within in 2 years, it was completely gone (Dunston, 2014). Netflix Netflix views themselves as â€Å"freedom of on-demand and the fun of indulgent viewing† (Netflix, 2014). Netflix also focuses on the convenience of the no-hassle, online cancellation and offer movies and TV series network. Technology and good leadership is how Netflix became the leader in the industry (Halal, 2010). Netflix executives understood that the emerging technology was rapidly changing the delivery of movie rentals. CEO, Hastings, developed â€Å"strategies involving Internet streaming, convenient customer service, and the virtual organization to deliver it cheaply and flawlessly† (Halal, 2010). Another part of Netflix’s technology strategy was to avoid the burden of having to go to a video store for customers. Customer service is key to a successful business, so Hastings used a monthly subscription to allow customers to have access to unlimited rentals, including no late fees. Instead of the hassle of renting movies, the focus is providing convenience. With the mission statement and vision of â€Å" Our core strategy is to grow our streaming subscription business domestically and globally. We are continually improving the customer experience, with a focus on expanding our streaming content, enhancing our user interface and extending our streaming service to even more Internet-connected devices, while staying within the parameters of our consolidated net income and operating segment contribution profit targets,† shows that the company wants the best for the company as well as their customers (Netflix, 2014). NetFlix Organizational Theories In reading many articles online about the success of NETFLIX the two organizational behavior theories that have been seen in this company have been decision-making and system approaches. Netflix’s huge decision to become a virtual DVD rental via online instead of going to actual in-store purchases like Blockbuster, has placed them at the top of the food chain. The technological advances alone for Netflix has change the industry forever, they took the systems approach by understanding the company’s input and output process and integrated the drive in developing new adaptive capacities and innovation. Blockbuster’s organization theory of scientific leadership placed a great deal into how the company ran it’s in store business and how the objectives and decisions were placed within the company. If Blockbuster could focus more on the click feature like how Netflix did, and not dismiss the idea that it would be a revolutionary change in the industry and within Blockbusters stockholders. Roles of Leadership and Management Per Netflix (2014) it has a â€Å"functional organizational structure, which aims at its functions themselves, rather than by customer segments or regions†. They have a CEO; Reed Hastings has 6 departments that have managers within them that run it. The organization beyond those 6 managers is not as structured as the top echelon is, they run their departments as they see fit. The CEO has instilled in their managers the management style of â€Å"Context, not Control† (Siegler), implying that very little control is given to employees, rather employees are held responsible for their actions and are expected to work efficiently and independently. Because of this idealists approach to management and how successful the company has been with it, they have found that they have no need to change their management style yet. Organizational value within Netflix has been on promoting the â€Å"stunning colleagues† (Netflix.com, 2014), and their importance in a great workplace. They have 9 values that they show is priority number 1 at Netflix, â€Å" judgment, impact, curiosity, innovation, courage, passion, honesty and selflessness (Siegler). The basic values that they believe as a company are workplace efficiency, emphasis on effective over effort, management best practices, retention practices, and large emphasis on a large salary, rather than stock options and bonuses. They believe that this  creates an environment that promotes productivity, and efficient work environment, which shows in colleague retention and overall happiness at Netflix. Part 2: Leading Organizational Change As the CEO of Blockbuster it is my responsibility to evaluate the organizations structure as well as the power and political issues within the company. The CEO can be disconnected to what is going on at the operations level of the company if he or she does not put forth the effort to be involved. As the CEO I will be involved in the operations of the company and be a leader employees can look up to. To implement the organizations change I will use a strategy based on John Kotter’s 8 step plan for change. John Kotter’s 8 steps are â€Å"establishing a sense of urgency, forming a powerful guiding coalition, creating a vision, communicating the vision, empowering others to act on the vision, planning for and creating short-term wins, consolidating improvements and producing still more changes, institutionalizing new approaches†(Mintzberg, Lampel, Quinn 2003). As the CEO of blockbuster I see that technology is changing and we must keep up. If we do not keep up with the technological advances we are doomed to fail. I see the company as a technology company and not just a movie rental company. I do not want Blockbuster to just survive, I want Blockbuster to thrive. Blockbuster will start investing in new internet technologies and streaming services. We will align ourselves with major motion picture studios to ensure that we get the newest movies and offer our customers the best services possible. Upper management will actively seek new opportunities and new world markets to expand our services. All employees will be encouraged to provide new ideas and mediocrity will not be accepted. Every aspect of the company will be evaluated and our services will provide our customers with the greatest movie streaming value. Reference Dunston, Dain (2014). When Blockbuster Forgot What Business They Were In. Retrieved from www.daindunston.com Farfan, Barbara (2010). Company Mission Statements – Complete List of World’s Largest Retail Missions. Retrieved from www.retailindustry.about.com Halal, Bill (2010). How Netflix Beat Blockbuster: An Exemplar of Emerging Technologies. Retrieved from www.billhalal.com Mintzberg, H., Lampel, J., Quinn, J. B. (2003). The Strategy Process: Concepts, Contexts, Cases (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Netflix Long Term View (2014). Retrieved from http://ir.netflix.com Netflix Capstone and Final Report (2014). Retrieved on January 7, 2014. http://mgmtclarity.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/capstone_final_report.pdf

Freedom of Expression and Rap Music Essay -- Music Censorship

Many issues have come up regarding what rights and actions are protected under the First Amendment. Rap music should not be restricted on the television despite much controversy over the idea. Bok says that some acts cause debates, although people may disagree with it doesn't mean it should be taken away. There should be no restrictions held against playing of rap music. Music that we listen to constructs the sound track of our lives. The number one killer in creative speech is censorship. Censorship in music is a topic that has brought about much controversy in the past two decades. "Preventing or punishing speech?is a clear violation of the First Amendment." (Censorship. Opposing Viewpoints by, Greehaven Press page ). Congress shall make no law? abridging the freedom of speech or of the press". Swearing in music has become a more common thing to hear in today?s music. Many teens would rather listen to explicit songs than to the non-explicit ones. Based on a poll on the internet, which asked, ?Do you listen to music with swearing in it?? 70% of the voters chose yes to listening to music with swearing in it (PollGenuis.com). In a song by Marilyn Manson, called Rock and Roll Nigger, the lyrics are as follows ?"I'm a rock and roll nigger, this is your world in which we grow, we will grow to hate you. Jimmy Hendrix was a nigger, Jesus Christ and grandma too. Brian Warner what a nigger, nigger, nigger fuck y ou, fuck you." ?Many people have debated over what has been said in the song, but not yet have I seen politicians or congressmen threatened to censor it says Zhar?. Bok states that ?Although people may disagree with it doesn?t mean it should be taken away? ?Women are major consumers of rap music. If a... ...r city kids called Camp Mariah? (Zhar). ?Everyone concerned with these issues must find ways to engage actively in actions that resist and counter the racist ideas that we would have the First Amendment protect? (Lawrence). However there will always be people who speculate on what should and should not be allowed (Brownmiller). Each person has a right to their opinion, but it doesn?t mean they need to voice it. Although in some instances rap can be made to seem bad, censoring it or banning it would still be a violation of the First Amendment (Kilbourne). Although this topic is very debatable each person has a right to express themselves in any way. People can have a right to not like rap music on the television, it doesn?t give them a right to say it should not be allowed. For we are a free democratic nation, each person is entitled to the full power of it.

Life of Pi Thesis Essay

In the novel Life of Pi, Yann Martel uses indirect characterization to portray how the harshest elements can bring out the most primal instincts in man, and the unexpected cooperation in the most primal of animals. This is used to symbolize the close similarities in the behavior of man and animal, although seemingly worlds apart at first glace. It is a constant switch between Pi’s thoughts and Pi’s actions that is needed to extend this characterization to the fullest. Martel does this by showing Pi’s religious and peaceful vegetarian personality in the beginning of the novel; one that wouldn’t even drink milk because it came from an animal. Yet when the time comes to survive he shows much less compassionate actions, one fueled by starvation and the will to live. This characterization wouldn’t have been fully accomplished in the readers’ mind without strong imagery as well. The relentless sun cast over the lifeboat along with the deep blue unforgiving sea is able to help the reader envision the intense wear down of Pi’s outer shell and revealing his inner primal core. Martel uses imagery to compliment the characterization of the tiger Richard Parker as well. The ferocity wouldn’t be nearly as fervent without the image of a 450 pound Bengal tiger with a vigorous orange coat complemented with striking black stripes. These characteristics will drag the reader to a higher level of interest than a basic description alone, as well as a better understanding of the tiger’s sheer strength and beauty. Pi was afraid of Richard Parker more than anything else in the beginning of his voyage through the ocean, for it was the only thing he had known to be afraid of. His entire life had been serene, only being warned of the dangerousness of animals while tending the zoo. These emotions only lasted as long as his food rations, for quickly he realized he wasn’t going to live if he spent all of his time watching out for the tiger. It was then that his personality begun to change. His animal instincts had begun to show when he killed his first fish with his bare hands and ate it raw; a feat he would not have dared to do prior in his lifetime even if the fish had been cooked. This instinct had also created safety from Richard Parker. Richard Parker could have easily killed Pi at any time, but Pi began to show a superiority that kept the tiger from attacking. It was superiority stronger than that of physical characteristics. In the tiger’s mind, Pi was the alpha male of the  boat, regardless of Pi’s size. This was the key element in both of their survivals. Without the constant will to find enough food for both himself and the tiger in fear that the tiger would grow desperate and eat him out of hunger, and the dominance Pi wielded that kept Richard Parker from attacking his only food source, neither would have survived. Nature often plays a key role in any novel dealing with survival. Any method of survival is in adaptation to nature. Without adaptation, there is no survival, and without nature, there is no adaptation. It is the key element in that which is living. However, it is the element of nature that made Pi and the tiger’s struggle to survive even more of a challenge. Bengal tigers as well as young boys do not normally live out in the middle of the ocean, so it is likely that both would have a struggle to survive in their unfamiliar surroundings. Not only do the extremities of nature have a great strain on physical strength, but on mental strength as well. Even the smallest things become torture in large doses. Pi had more trouble with the lengthy sunlight than the occasional rain storm. Although the rainstorm could capsize his lifeboat in one quick wave, it would have been done and over with. The prolonged brightness and intensity of the sun however, could capsize his mind, which is a much more torturous death. Once Pi has landed on the shore of Mexico and rescued, he no longer needs to struggle to survive, nor does the tiger need to depend on Pi for survival. It is then that both animals part and adapt to their new environments yet again. Pi returns to the peaceful vegetarian, and Richard Parker becomes an independent hunter. This indicates that it is the outside surroundings that will often change characteristics of the actions of an animal, but will not change their true personality. Although Pi and Richard Parker changed their behavior in order to survive, they kept their same basic personalities throughout the journey. This shows that although man and animal may seem different in many ways, in the end they are both geared for survival, and although they change their actions quite often to adapt to their outside surroundings, their true selves are unchangeable.

Persuasive Writing on topic of Animal Rights Essay

Deceased: Monday, November 5th, 2001. Great Britain’s Prison Service has reported that animal rights terrorist Barry Horne, 49, died in a Worcester hospital on November 5 after a short-lived hunger strike. The official cause of death was liver failure. In 1997, Barry Horne was sentenced to 18 years in prison for carrying out vicious attacks and arson on legitimate facilities that he claimed promoted animal cruelty. His attacks put human beings in danger for animals, animals without sentience, the ability to realize that they are alive. Animals without the ability to distinguish thought. This essay will focus on animals we consume for our nutrition. Animals without the basic goal of human beings of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The human race cannot give these rights to living organisms without the goal of the unalienable right and without the basic comprehension of consciousness. Animals are ignorant of the basic sentience and self-awareness, everything is an an imal and we are not exempt, and reasoning that we should solely eat plant proteins because we have the intelligence to, and the wolf doesn’t, so therefore we should make the wolf our equal is self-contradictory. The human race has come up with criteria for judging the sentience of a organism. There are five basic building block of society, which are the criteria for judging the sentience of an animal. The starting point for any species is if they were observed as producing or having produced technological artifacts unique to that species. Next, if they were observed as able to communicate from one generation to the next by a recorded language unique to that species, that is a significant leap. An important pair is being observed as basing action on abstract reasoning and being observed as engaging in inductive and deductive reasoning processes, and finally, observed as engaging in non-utilitarian artistic activity unique to that species. No other species besides man has five basic building blocks of society. Animals eat, eat, reproduce, and die. We, as human beings, are predators. We eat other animals. We need to eat. Zoomorphism only happens when we aren’t worried about eating. If we were not sentient we would still eat animals. By the â€Å"survival of the fittest,† which is the law of raw nature, no animal has rights; only the tools to survive as  best it can. The chicken has no right not to be eaten by the fox. The gazelle has no ethical recourse against the lion. If we are merely animals, no other animal has any ethical standing to complain against the human animal for eating them or wearing their skins. The basic rational or â€Å"credo† for animal rights consists of changing our diet to exclusively vegetable proteins, based on the notion that human beings have the intelligence to choose to eat soy beans in preference to cattle but wolves can’t — and this superior human reasoning ability is a reason to consider animals such as wolves as our equals. Look at the last sentence of the animal rights credo, â€Å"This superior human reasoning ability is a reason to consider animals such as wolves our equals,† and therefore realize that that argument admits we are superior, so we should be equal. This argument is similar with â€Å"2=0†. The rational itself is contradictory. Animal rights failed on three other arguments as well. First, human beings are the dominant species on this planet, making decisions regarding use of the land, the sea, the air, and the near space above the air. Man rules and animals have to take what we do with them and lump it. The penultimate argument is there are no animals petitioning mankind, their â€Å"oppressor,† for an elevated status or recognition of their rights. Third, there are no animals contesting their status as inferiors to mankind. Animals aren’t protesting for their rights, it is human beings. Animals are not asking for their rights. How do we know to give them rights? If they are sentient, how do we know that they want rights? It is human beings who are asking for rights for animals, but their rational is insufficient. So let’s be prepared for animal rights activists, because after the death of Barry Horne, there are some people who may regard him as a martyr. That includes people who may want to carry out actions against on legitimate scientist working with animals to promote human being’s needs. No animal rights activists are themselves animals. There is no organization called Porpoises for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. It is people who make those demands of other people. Essentially brainless work animals should not be considered on the same level as sentient human beings. Animal Rights is the philosophy of allowing non-human animals to have the most basic rights that  all sentient beings desire: the freedom to be exempt from this web of dog eat dog, the food chain, the survival of the fittest.

The Tradgedy of the Commons and its Failings

The Tradgedy of the Commons and its Failings Free Online Research Papers Garrett Hardin argues that common resources will be over-exploited by those using them. Using examples, discuss this statement together with any failings with it. Your answer should include an overview of Hardin’s Tragedy of the Commons. From times immemorial, the concept of â€Å"the commons† has been inextricably linked to assumptions of ecological abundance. Indeed, the libertarian doctrines of John Locke (August 1632 – October 1704) and Adam Smith (June 1723 – July 1790) advocated for the individual appropriation of the commons and their vast reservoirs of free ecological goods. That whosoever desired the institution of property, had only mix his labour with the commons of nature (Locke 1690) was the widely accepted view at the time. As the 1960s drew to an end, global sensitisation to this â€Å"perceived cornucopia† was triggered by an influential, yet controversial paper by the biologist Garrett Hardin, entitled â€Å"The Tragedy of the Commons† (Hardin 1968). This essay begins with an introduction to the term â€Å"commons† and characterizes its features with respect to the non-exclusion of users and resource subtractibility. The essay then segues to Hardinâ₠¬â„¢s thesis, and clarifies important nuances in his original paper concerning â€Å"open access† and â€Å"common resources.† Where appropriate, examples are given to support Hardin’s brainchild, and likewise, suitable instances of failures and shortcomings are used to countervail his thesis. Several terms have been used to connote the idea of a shared pool of resources. Descriptives such as commons, common property, common pool resource, common heritage of mankind, and collective good, are arguably the same (Soden 1999). Firstly and implicitly, in the definition of a commons, is the requirement of a resource domain composed of resource units. Resource domains can refer to geographical spaces like parking lots, auditoriums, and fields, or it can refer to collectives such as fish stock. Resource units can either be the building blocks of the resource domain like parking spots, tons of fish, bundles of fodder, or it can be a medium in which objects are disposed (landfills). The second feature of a commons is its availability for free utilization without repercussion or expectation of reciprocity from human actors. This unbridled usage occurs because restraining access to the resource is costly, impractical or impossible (Feeny 1990). Common resources are always attached to property rights and these rights may fall under one of four categories: open access, group property, individual property and Government property (See Table 1). Thirdly, resource units are finite and subtractive, which implies that the resource pool diminishes in proportion to each unit that is removed, and that each unit removed is no longer available for other users of the commons. With this concept of the commons properly enshrined, let us consider Hardin’s allegorical pasture. Property Rights Characteristics Open access Absence of enforced property rights Group property Resource rights held by a group of users who can exclude others Individual property Resource rights held by individuals (or firms) who can exclude others Government property Resource rights held by a government that can regulate or subsidize use Table 1 Property rights and their characteristics. Taken from (Ostrom, Burger, et al. 1999) Hardin’s thesis focuses on a common pasture used by herdsmen (H1, H2, H3 . . . . .Hn) to graze their privately owned cattle and sustain their livelihood. It is assumed that the pasture is not on the verge of being over grazed nor has the carrying capacity of the land been exceeded. In this situation, the pasture is the resource domain, while the patches of grass consumed are the resource units. The pasture is also finite and subtractive in terms of the clumps of grass consumed by grazing cattle. Initially the system of mutual grazing works well for everyone involved, and the per bovine returns for each herdsman is the same. However in the absence of enforceable limits on the use of the pasture, a rational thinking herdsman (H1) may decide to increase his herd by one cattle. Economic theory dictates that the Profit on an investment is equivalent to the Revenue subtract the Costs. In order to maximise his profit, H1 must maximise his revenue and minimise his cost. He maximises his revenue because the extra cow is exclusively his, while the costs of sustaining her, is not exclusively his. Consequently, H1 gains one unit of productivity, at a fractional cost to himself. See equation below. Consider H1: Profitmax = Revenuemax [H1] Costmin [H1, H2, H3,,Hn] = 1 unit 1/n units = (n-1)/n units The tragedy, now in an inchoate stage of development, is fuelled when another herdsman H2 decides to maximise his own gain, in much the same way as H1. Eventually, a domino effect of exploitation unfolds where each herdsman, not to be outdone, adds not one, but more and more cattle in trying to up the ante, until the pasture becomes overgrazed and can no longer support anyone’s cattle. This is the essence of the tragedy, and as Hardin so eloquently quoted, â€Å"Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons. Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all† (Hardin 1968). Furthermore, Hardin has little faith in the proactivity of rational herdsmen to desist in adding more cattle, to protect the common pasture. Ophuls refers to it as the â€Å"public goods problem† – the obverse of the commons problem (Ophuls 1977). In much the same way as a rational individual gains at the loss of the other herdsmen (commons problem), he loses by benefitting them with a public good (public goods problem). For example, two individuals may own identical factories, which produce the same amount of harmful emissions. Although the more considerate owner may invest in mitigatory measures, for the common good, doing so places himself at a competitive disadvantage since the other factory owner may not follow suit. The Good Samaritan who tries to benefit the commons comes to the realization that although he is paying all the costs, his conspecifics get virtually all the benefits (Hargroves and Smith 2005). Users of a common resource pool may be of four types. The first type behaves in narrow, selfish ways and never cooperates in dilemma situations (free riders). The second type is cautious about cooperation, and requires assurance that he will not be exploited by free riders. The third type is willing to initiate reciprocal altruism in hopes that others will â€Å"buy in†. The fourth type is the genuine altruist who tries to elevate the status of the group, selflessly (Ostrom, Burger, et al. 1999). These four categories necessarily follow a hierarchy of increasing risk. The free riders are the smallest risk takers, while the altruists take the highest risks for the group. Unfortunately, the expected returns follow an inverse relationship where the altruists usually suffer most and the free riders, least. Referring again to Table 1, we see that whenever there is vagueness to property rights or there are official declarations of non-exclusion, resources are termed open access. The fact that open access resources are the ones most notably associated with overexploitation is a subtle nuance that should be clarified. In contrast to common property resources where there is a vested interest by stakeholders and adherence to some form of codified understanding is elicited, open access resources do not evince similar behaviour based on mutual respect. In fact, â€Å"the logic is that any given potential user lacks the incentive to forego immediate exploitation of the resource in order to conserve it, because an open-ended set of other potential users could take advantage of any resources that are left intact† (Mirovitskaya and Ascher 2001). Thus Hardin’s Tragedy of the Commons often erroneously equated with common property resources is more applicable to open access resources ( G. Hardin 1998) (De Young 1999) Although not all environmental problems conform to Hardin’s tragedy, most do. Among these are the depletion of fisheries and oil reserves, urban smog, firewood crises in less developed countries, pollution of the oceans and atmosphere, and littering of spacecraft debris from nations involved in space exploration. Furthermore, as Hardin suggest in â€Å"The Tragedy of the Commons† and â€Å"Living on a Lifeboat† (G. Hardin 1974), global population growth also has elements of the tragedy scenario. As Hardin (G. Hardin 1968) states â€Å"the most important aspect of necessity that we must now recognize, is the necessity of abandoning the commons in breeding.† Oil drilling is a classic example of the tragedy of the commons. In the early boom days of the American oil rush, drillers fiercely competed to drill as many wells hoping to strike black gold. The result was political instability and economic chaos. Consequentially, congress had to remedy the situation by the establishment of state control boards which surveyed common oil pools and allotted owners quotas, per acre of oil producing estate. This transformed oil from a common property resource to private property and exploitation proceeded in a highly regulated and transparent manner (Ophuls 1977). Another example of the tragedy of the commons is fisheries, and history is pollinated with several examples of overharvesting (Soden 1999). When the cod cornucopia was discovered off the Grand Banks in the 16th century it was immediately exploited for over five hundred years by French, Basque and English fishermen. Because of the abundance of fish, it never occurred to fishermen to limit their catch sizes and catch frequencies, in order to allow the fishes an opportunity to regenerate. The stocks dwindled and in 1989 it collapsed. Formal closure of the fishery in 1992 precipitated the mass unemployment of hundreds of Canadian fishermen. Thirdly, automobiles presents an interesting example of the tragedy of the commons. Indeed, unlike Hardin’s commons that is subject to tragedy on a local and immobile scale (a fixed pasture), vehicular exhausts affect a commons (the atmosphere) characterized by mobile and global parameters. In the case of urban pollution one’s own contribution seems infinitely small, while the disadvantages of self-denial loom very large. Consequently, thousands of residents of Los Angeles are hospitalized for respiratory ailments every year (McMaster 2009) as a result of polluting the atmosphere of the city, shared by millions of people every day. Unlike vehicular pollutants which are incidental to the process of driving, pollution-with-intent highlights the self-destructive logic of the commons, for it simply reverses the dynamic of tragic overuse without altering its nature. The cost incurred by a plant operator to control his emissions is so much more than the proportional damage he incurs by polluting, that it will always be rational for him to pollute especially if he can do it unnoticed. According to (Ophuls 1977) â€Å"it profits him to harm the public.† Finally, less developed countries have frequently been the subject of several tragedies which all too often, culminate in disaster. This is because of short term needs that supersede long term prudence. Cases in point are Haiti and China. Indigence in Haiti has been the main reason for nationwide deforestation and denuding of land to get firewood. The country is approximately 96% deforested (Bowonder and Prasad 1987) and it is no wonder that erosion has accelerated, in tandem with landslides and loss of soil integrity. Indeed the paucity of natural capital, unbalanced against social capital, has been responsible for the abundance of Environmental refugees from this Caribbean territory (Mirovitskaya and Ascher 2001). But deforestation is perhaps a micro-tragedy when compared to the macro-tragedy of global warming. In 2007, China made the bold statement to continue to put economic development ahead of the environment, even if global warming threatened a worldwide ecological disaster. The indifference of the People’s Republic is a spectacular example of the tragedy of the commons where a nation will continue to wealth maximise even as it brings ruin to itself, its neighbours and the global commons (Turley 2007). The aforementioned has provided us with several instances of the truthfulness of Hardin’s notion that â€Å"freedom in the commons brings ruin to all† (G. Hardin 1968). Arguably, the roots of Hardin’s thesis as well as his proposals for the averting the tragedy is to be found in Leviathan (Hobbes 1651). According to Hobbes, the life of man in a lawless state of nature is â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.† The only way to prevent anarchy is to entrust a civil authority with the onus of keeping peace by regulating property. Accordingly, managing a commons requires either socialism or the privatism of free enterprise (G. Hardin 1998), and either option must be underpinned by â€Å"mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon by the majority of the people affected† (G. Hardin 1968). The first failure of Government ownership rests on the fact that imposing limits on resource use creates a system based on â€Å"use rights† and exclusion, where the distribution of rights may be solely assigned based on historical patterns of use (Soden 1999). Therefore, new users who may want to avail themselves to the resources of the commons may be excluded altogether. In other cases, nationalizing common pool resources have led to the poor treatment of local tribes who have long exercised stewardship over the resources (Hargroves and Smith 2005). Examples are seen throughout the Brazilian Amazon and the Ecuadorian Oriente, where indigenous tribes are pitted against the mercenary pursuits of oil explorers, who are given preferential treatment by Governments. The other problem with Government control is the dichotomy that exists between home grown wisdom and ex officio expertise. Government may not be attuned to the locally crafted rules and evolved norms that are typical of well–managed common pool resources or open access resources. In Nepal in the mid 1980s for example, international aid efforts to replace primitive irrigation systems (composed of mud, stone and tree) with modern infrastructure (composed of concrete and steel) had a deleterious effect on the agricultural output of farmers. The success of the primitive system rested upon the farmers’ ability to devise effective rules related to access and allocation of benefits and costs, which were now inapplicable to the modern system of water delivery (Ostrom 1993), (Ostrom, Burger, et al. 1999), (Lam and Ostrom 2009). Consequently, there was never a consistent flow of water to more than two of the five villages after modifications were done. Another example of Governmental aid intervention gone wrong was in the Sahel of Africa. Migratory pastoralists, who were accustomed to moving their ungulates in harmony with rains produced from the Intertropical Convergence Zone, allowed the lands north and south of the Sahel to regenerate between grazing (Halwagy 1962). However, when herdsmen began to settle around wells which were produced through Governmental incentives and piecemeal aid projects, this centuries old system of pastoralism resulted in severe effects on the land and the people. Productive land was lost because of overgrazing, and as population sizes grew, the soil became less virile. In 1968 a nationwide famine pervaded throughout the Sahel and claimed the lives of thousands (Sinclair and Fryxell 1985). Furthermore, when comparing countries with communist ancestries, one only has to look at the degradation patterns in land use from satellite imagery to compare the effectiveness of Government control and self organized management of common pool resources. In (Ostrom, Burger, et al. 1999) images of China, and Russia showed that state-owned agricultural collectives involving permanent settlements were highly degraded and bare of vegetation. Mongolia on the other hand, which allowed pastoralists to continue their traditional group-property institutions of seasonal grazing, showed less terrestrial scarring than China and Russia. Consequently, compared to traditional group-property regimes socialism was associated with higher instances of land degradation. Finally, nationalizing common property resources may lead to poor monitoring of resource boundaries and harvesting practices, as well as de facto open access, and a race to use the resources (Hargroves and Smith 2005). Shifting governance from local communities to the State may create a situation whereby a common property that previously had some limits on inclusion, now becomes government property with open access, where opportunists may take advantage of the absence of enforcement and regulation. Thus Statization as a mechanism to forestall the tragedy of the commons, may in fact, accelerate it. In conclusion, we have assessed Hardin’s tragedy of the commons, citing examples of support, and identifying weaknesses and failures. Although his treatise is based on the selfishness of man as an actor in wealth maximization it must not be forgotten that man also has the capacity for sympathy towards his fellow beings (Monbiot 2004). Moreover since the entire tragedy of the commons is based on a free rider mentality (getting more, for less) it is quite possible that these genes may no longer be selectively passed to posterity. I say this because unfairness and inequity is inimical to man’s truest nature. Until that time, privatization of common resources and coercive restraint may be the way to go. Bowonder, B, and SR. Prasad. Global Forest : Another view. Elsevier Science Limited, 1987: 43-53. De Young, R. Tragedy of the Commons. In Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, by DE Alexander and Fairbridge RW. Hingham: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999. Feeny, D. et al.,. The tragedy of the commons 22 years later. Human Ecolog, 1990: v. 18, 1-19. Friedman, Thomas. (No) Drill, Baby, Drill . April 11, 2009. nytimes.com/2009/04/12/opinion/12friedman.html?_r=1em (accessed Decemeber 2, 2009). Halwagy, R. The impact of man on semi-desertvegetation in Sudan. Journal of Ecology, 1962: 263-273. Hardin, G. Essays On Science And Society : Extensions of The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, 1998: 682-683. Hardin, Garret. The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, 1968: 1243-1248. Hardin, Garrett. Living on a Lifeboat. Bioscience, 1974: 10. Hargroves, Karlson, and Michael Smith. The Natural Advantage of Nations. Gateshed: Bath Press, 2005. Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan, or the Matter, Form and Power of a Commonwealth, ecclesiastical and civil. 1651. Lam, Wai Fung, and Elinor Ostrom. Analyzing the dynamic complexity of development intervantions : lessons from an irrigation experiment in Nepal. Policy Sciences, 2009. Locke, John. Second Treatise. In Two Treatises of Government, by Peter Laslett. New York: New Amercan Press, 1690. McMaster, Nick. Ozone Kills, Slowly : Study. March 12, 2009. www.newser.com/story/53155/ozone-kills-slowly-study.html (accessed December 02, 2009). Mirovitskaya, Natalia, and William Ascher. Guide to Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy. Durham: Duke University Press, 2001. Monbiot, George. Natural Aesthetes . January 13, 2004. monbiot.com/archives/2004/01/13/natural-aesthetes/ (accessed December 02, 2009). Ophuls, William. Ecology and the Politics of Scarcity. Washington D.C: W.H Freeman and Company, 1977. Ostrom, Elinor. Coping with Assymetries in the Commons : Self Govering Irrigation Systems can work. The Jornal of Economic Perspectives, 1993: 93-112. Ostrom, Elinor, Joanna Burger, Christopher B. Field, Richard B. Norgaard, and David Policansky. Revisiting the Commons : Local Lessons, Global Challenges. Science, 1999: 278-282. Sinclair, A, and J Fryxell. The Sahel of Africa : ecology of a disaster. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1985: 987-994. Soden, Dennis. Handbook of Global Environmental Policy and Administration. Washinton DC: CRC, 1999. Turley, Johnathan. Tragedy of the Commons : Developing Nations Reject Global Warming as Number One Priority. Environment, 2007. Research Papers on The Tradgedy of "the Commons" and it's FailingsThe Project Managment Office SystemPETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasQuebec and CanadaMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfUnreasonable Searches and Seizures

ch 2 medical terminology- suffixes indicating diseases or abnormal conditions Example For Students

ch 2 medical terminology- suffixes indicating diseases or abnormal conditions Term Definition Categories of Suffixes diseases or abnormal conditions surgical procedure diagnostic procedure general suffixes medical specialties or personnel converts word roots into adjectives algia pain asthenia weakness cele hernia, protrusion dynia pain cytosis abnormal cell condition ( too many) ectasis dilated, stretched out edema swelling emesis vomiting emia condition of the blood ia state, condition iasis abnormal condition ism state of, condition -itis inflammation lith stone lysis destruction lytic destruction -malacia abnormal softening -megaly enlargement, large oma tumor, mass -osis abnormal condition -pathy disease penia too few -phobia fear plegia paralysis -ptosis drooping -rrhage bursting forth -rrhagia bursting forth -rrhea discharge, flow -rrhexis rupture -sclerosis hardened condition -spasm involuntary muscle contraction -stasis stopping -stenosis narrowing -toxic poison -uria condition of the urine

The Fundamentals of Character, Deliberation and Moral Problems in Essay

The Fundamentals of Character, Deliberation and Moral Problems in Training - Essay Example They will all be analyzed here forthwith. II. The â€Å"Slippery Slope† The â€Å"slippery slope† is basically a domino effect that takes place after one moral principle is compromised, leading to other compromises in principle. As stated by Delattre (2002), â€Å"[T]he slippery slope of corruption begins with any gratuity, including the well-known cup of coffee† (pp. 77). This particular example is referring to police, although many different public servants could also be considered on par with police so much so that they indeed do receive special treatment as a member of a certain group of public servants (i.e., judges, lawyers, senators, Congresspersons, city board members, aldermen, etc.). For example, if a judge was given a bribe in order to help sway the decision of his very first court case, this could be a premier example of the slippery slope. The judge isn’t really supposed to do that, but perhaps the judge figures it’s just a one-time act ion. Later on, when other lawyers petition the judge with more bribes in the form of financial assistance, that judge may be hard-pressed to say no. However, while some people accept gratuities to be a simple fact of life in order for public officials to perform (sometimes illegal) favors in return—performing these favors in return for gratuities are a form of bribery and should not be tolerated. Although people may be used to giving gratuities which they may deem harmless, the damage has been done. III. The Society-At-Large Hypothesis Within the society-at-large hypothesis, the main idea here is that society corrupts people with political or otherwise hierarchical powers. According to Delattre (2002), O.W. Wilson stated, â€Å"[For example, in Chicago] it had been customary to give [people in public service] gratuities†¦[with a] certain progression of events [to] follow†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pp. 69). This allowed certain public officials to get away with crimes that went unch ecked. Without a doubt, nepotism and cronyism still play a large part in politics in several different cities and nations, due to the nature of the job. It has long been considered standard to offer, for example, that free cup of a coffee to a cop on the beat by a local food mart. However, that may be taken as a sign that public servants deserve more than just that, in effect producing a society which expects its leaders to take bribes or be corrupt—effectively proffering corruption. IV. The Structural/Affiliation Hypothesis The structural or affiliation hypothesis, developed by Arthur Niedenhoffer, posits that corruption is indoctrinated into new recruits of organizations by the higher-ups. For example, if a rookie cop sees his superior shaking down drug dealers for monetary gain, he might very well start doing the same thing by way of affiliation. The corruption is also a structural problem which is built in to the police culture. Other organizational cultures—for ex ample, in corporate offices—might have similar structural difficulties. Enron is a great example of a company that had corruption increasing the farther one went up the chain of executives. V. The Rotten Apple Theory The rotten apple theory basically states that there is poor hiring, training, and supervision within an organization, effectively putting individuals who already have a track record of corruption in positions of power. The rotten apple